#include
#include
int main(int argc, char** argv){
int array [50], i, size; int count, parity;
printf ("Enter the size of bit stream: \n");
scanf ("%d", &size) ;
printf ("Enter the bit stream:\n") ;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
scanf ("%d", &array[i]) ;
}
printf ("Input bit stream:");
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
printf ("%d", array[i]);
}
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (array[i] == 1){
count++;
}
if (count % 2 == 0) {
parity = 0;
} else {
parity = 1;
}
}
printf ("\nThus the Parity bit is %d\n", parity);
printf ("The final bit stream is\n") ;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
printf ("%d", array[i]);
}
printf ("%d", parity) ;
}
2D Parity
#include
#include
int main() {
int i, j, row, column, count;
int array[11][11];
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d", &row);
printf("Enter number of columns: ");
scanf("%d", &column);
printf("Enter the bit stream:\n");
for (j = 0; j < row; j++) {
for (i = 0; i < column; i++) {
scanf("%d", &array[j][i]);
}
}
printf("Initial bit stream is:\n");
for (j = 0; j < row; j++) {
for (i = 0; i < column; i++) {
printf("%d ", array[j][i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
for (j = 0; j < row; j++) {
count = 0;
for (i = 0; i < column; i++) {
if (array[j][i] == 1) {
count++;
}
}
array[j][column] = (count % 2 == 0) ? 0 : 1;
}
for (i = 0; i < column; i++) {
count = 0;
for (j = 0; j < row; j++) {
if (array[j][i] == 1) {
count++;
}
}
array[row][i] = (count % 2 == 0) ? 0 : 1;
}
count = 0;
for (j = 0; j < row; j++) {
if (array[j][column] == 1) {
count++;
}
}
for (i = 0; i < column; i++) {
if (array[row][i] == 1) {
count++;
}
}
array[row][column] = (count % 2 == 0) ? 0 : 1;
printf("Output bit stream is:\n");
for (j = 0; j <= row; j++) {
for (i = 0; i <= column; i++) {
printf("%d ", array[j][i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
CRC
#include
#include
#include
#define MAX_DATA_SIZE 64
#define MAX_REM_SIZE 32
char data[MAX_DATA_SIZE], rem[MAX_REM_SIZE];
char gen_poly[MAX_REM_SIZE];
char poly8[] = "100000111", poly10[] = "11000110101";
char poly16[] = "10001000000100001";
char poly32[] = "100000100110000010001110110110111";
int data_len, poly_len, i, j, e, c, ch;
void chooseGeneratingPolynomial() {
printf("\nPress 1 for CRC-8"
"\nPress 2 for CRC-10"
"\nPress 3 for CRC-16"
"\nPress 4 for CRC-32\nChoice: ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch (ch) {
case 1:
strcpy(gen_poly, poly8);
break;
case 2:
strcpy(gen_poly, poly10);
break;
case 3:
strcpy(gen_poly, poly16);
break;
case 4:
strcpy(gen_poly, poly32);
break;
default:
printf("Invalid choice. Defaulting to CRC-8.\n");
strcpy(gen_poly, poly8);
}
poly_len = strlen(gen_poly);
printf("\nGenerating polynomial is: %s\n", gen_poly);
}
void xorOperation() {
for (c = 1; c < poly_len; c++)
rem[c] = (rem[c] == gen_poly[c]) ? '0' : '1';
}
void remCal() {
for (e = 0; e < poly_len; e++)
rem[e] = data[e];
do {
if (rem[0] == '1')
xorOperation();
for (c = 0; c < poly_len - 1; c++)
rem[c] = rem[c + 1];
rem[c] = data[e++];
} while (e <= data_len + poly_len - 1);
}
void sender() {
data_len = strlen(data);
for (i = data_len; i < data_len + poly_len - 1; i++)
data[i] = '0';
data[data_len + poly_len - 1] = '\0';
printf("\nModified data is: %s", data);
remCal();
printf("\n\nRemainder is: %s", rem);
for (i = data_len; i < data_len + poly_len - 1; i++)
data[i] = rem[i - data_len];
data[data_len + poly_len - 1] = '\0';
printf("\n\nFinal codeword being transmitted is: %s\n", data);
}
int checkError() {
remCal();
for (i = 0; (i < poly_len - 1) && (rem[i] != '1'); i++);
if (i < poly_len - 1) {
printf("\nError detected, data processing aborted!\n\n");
return 1;
} else {
printf("\nNo error detected, proceed to data processing.\n\n");
return 0;
}
}
void receiver() {
printf("\nCode received!\nPress 0 to detect error"
"\nPress 1 to introduce errors: ");
scanf("%d", &i);
if (i == 0) {
checkError();
} else if (i == 1) {
do {
do {
printf("\nEnter the position where error is to be inserted (1 to %d): ", data_len + poly_len - 1);
scanf("%d", &i);
} while (i <= 0 || i > data_len + poly_len - 1);
data[i - 1] = (data[i - 1] == '0') ? '1' : '0';
printf("\nPress 1 to introduce more errors\nPress 0 to continue\nOption: ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
} while (ch == 1);
printf("\nData at receiver: %s\n", data);
checkError();
} else {
printf("Invalid option.\n");
}
}
int main() {
int data_size;
printf("Enter data size (max 32 bits): ");
scanf("%d", &data_size);
if (data_size > 32 || data_size <= 0) {
printf("Invalid data size. Exiting.\n");
return 1;
}
printf("\nEnter the %d-bit data: ", data_size);
scanf("%s", data);
if (strlen(data) != data_size) {
printf("Data size mismatch. Exiting.\n");
return 1;
}
chooseGeneratingPolynomial();
sender();
receiver();
return 0;
}
Neighbourhood Table
#include
#include
#include
#include
int i,j,n;
int x[15],y[15];
float distance [15][15];
void createNetwork(){
int x_range,y_range;
printf("Enter the number of nodes(max 15):");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the X-Coordinates ranges:");
scanf("%d",&x_range);
printf("Enter the Y-Coordinates ranges:");
scanf("%d",&y_range);
srand(time(NULL));
for(i=0;i=distance[i][j])
printf("%d:( %.2f )\t",j+1,distance[i][j]);
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
createNetwork();
computeDistance();
findNeighbor();
return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
Vector
#include
#include
int findShortestPath(int G[6][6], int Vertices, int Edges, int edge[20][2], int Source) {
int distance[20], parent[20], flag = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < Vertices; i++) {
distance[i] = 999;
parent[i] = -1;
}
distance[Source] = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < Vertices - 1; i++) {
for (int k = 0; k < Edges; k++) {
int u = edge[k][0], v = edge[k][1];
if (distance[u] + G[u][v] < distance[v]) {
distance[v] = distance[u] + G[u][v];
parent[v] = u;
}
}
}
for (int k = 0; k < Edges; k++) {
int u = edge[k][0], v = edge[k][1];
if (distance[u] + G[u][v] < distance[v]) {
flag = 0;
}
}
printf("Destination\tCost\tPath\n");
if (flag) {
for (int i = 0; i < Vertices; i++) {
if (i == Source) continue;
printf("%d\t\t", i);
if (distance[i] == 999) {
printf("INF\tNo Path\n");
} else {
printf("%d\t", distance[i]);
int nodes[10], b = 9, next = i;
nodes[b--] = i;
while (next != -1) {
next = parent[next];
if (next != -1) {
nodes[b--] = next;
}
}
for (int g = b + 1; g < 10; g++) {
if (g == 9) {
printf("%d", nodes[g]);
} else {
printf("%d-->", nodes[g]);
}
}
printf("\n");
}
}
} else {
printf("Graph contains a negative weight cycle.\n");
}
return flag;
}
int main() {
int Vertices = 6, edge[20][2], k = 0;
int graph[6][6] = {
{0, 1, 5, 0, 0, 0},
{1, 0, 3, 4, 0, 0},
{5, 3, 0, 5, 9, 0},
{0, 4, 5, 0, 2, 6},
{0, 0, 9, 2, 0, 3},
{0, 0, 0, 6, 3, 0}
};
printf("The Adjacency Matrix representation of the graph:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < Vertices; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < Vertices; j++) {
printf("%d\t", graph[i][j]);
if (graph[i][j] != 0) {
edge[k][0] = i;
edge[k++][1] = j;
}
}
printf("\n");
}
for (int i = 0; i < Vertices; i++) {
printf("\n----------------------------\n"
"Source vertex: %d\n", i);
findShortestPath(graph, Vertices, k, edge, i);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
ARQ
#include
#include
void StopAndWait(){
int n, i=0,frame;
printf("Enter the total number of frames:");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i!=n){
printf("\nEnter received frame ");
scanf("%d",&frame);
if(frame==i+1){
printf("Transmitting ..... ACK to frame %d\n",frame);
i++;
}else{
printf("Negative ACK ...to frame %d\n",i+1);
}
}
}
void GoBackN(){
int n,i=0,frame,size,t;
printf("Enter the total number of frames:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter window size of frames:");
scanf("%d",&size);
printf("Sending frames");
for (int j=0;j a[j]) {
int temp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j];
a[j] = temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nFinal received frame sequence:\n");
for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
printf("%d ", a[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
int val;
while(1){
printf("\nEnter\n1.Stop And Wait protocol\n"
"2.Go back N \n3.Selective repeat \n");
scanf("%d",&val);
switch(val){
case 1: StopAndWait();
break;
case 2: GoBackN();
break;
case 3: Selective();
break;
default:return(0);
}
}
return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
Chart Box
server.py
import time, socket, sys
print('Setup Server...')
time.sleep(1)
#Get the hostname, IP Address from socket and set Port
soc = socket.socket()
host_name = socket.gethostname()
ip = socket.gethostbyname(host_name)
port = 1234
soc.bind((host_name, port))
print(host_name, '({})'.format(ip))
name = input('Enter name: ')
soc.listen(1) #Try to locate using socket
print('Waiting for incoming connections...')
connection, addr= soc.accept()
print("Received connection from", addr[0], "(" , addr[1], ")\n")
print('Connection Established. Connected From: {}, ({})'.format(addr[0], addr[0]))
#get a connection from client side
client_name = connection.recv(1024)
client_name = client_name.decode()
print(client_name + 'has connected.')
print('Press [bye] to leave the chat room')
connection.send(name.encode())
while True:
message = input('Me >')
if message == '[bye]':
message = 'Bye, leaving the chat room!'
connection.send(message.encode())
print("\n")
break
connection.send(message.encode())
message = connection.recv(1024)
message = message.decode()
print(client_name, '>', message)
client.py
import time, socket, sys
print('client Server...')
time.sleep(1)
#Get the hostname, IP Address from socket and set Port
soc = socket.socket()
shost = socket.gethostname()
ip = socket.gethostbyname (shost)
#get information to connect with the server
print(shost, '({})'.format(ip))
server_host = input('Enter server\'s IP address:')
name = input('Enter Client\'s name: ')
port = 1234
print('Trying to connect to the server: {}, ({})'.format(server_host, port))
time.sleep(1)
soc.connect((server_host, port))
print("Connected...\n")
soc.send(name.encode())
server_name = soc.recv(1024)
server_name = server_name.decode()
print('{}) has joined...'.format(server_name))
print('Enter [bye] to exit.')
while True:
message = soc.recv(1024)
message = message.decode()
print(server_name, ">", message)
message = input("Me > ")
if message == "[bye]":
message = "Leaving the Chat room"
soc.send(message.encode())
print("\n")
break
soc.send(message.encode())
Socket
server.py
import socket
HOST='127.0.0.1'#Standard loopback interface address(localhost)
PORT=65432 #Port to listen on (non-privileged ports are >1023)
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s.bind((HOST,PORT))
s.listen()
conn,addr=s.accept()
with conn:
print("Connected by",addr)
while True:
data = conn . recv(1024)
if not data:
break
conn.sendall(data)
client.py
import socket
HOST='127.0.0.1' # The server's hostname or IP address
PORT=65432 # The port used by the server
message=b"Hello World"
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)as s:
s.connect((HOST,PORT))
s.send(message)
data=s.recv(1024)
print("Received ", repr(data))